"The office of the Attorney General of the United States is not a political position, and anyone who holds it must have total fidelity to the laws and the Constitution of the United States," Mr Sessions said in prepared testimony that also outlines goals of stronger drug, gun and immigration enforcement.
Mr Sessions also said he understands "the history of civil rights and the horrendous impact that relentless and systemic discrimination and the denial of voting rights has had on our African-American brothers and sisters. I have witnessed it".
Democrats are expected to use the two days of hearings to challenge Mr Sessions's commitment to civil rights, a chief priority of the Justice Department during the Obama administration.
They are also likely to press him on his hard-line stance on immigration policy. But Republicans have expressed strong support and are expected to secure more than enough votes needed to confirm him, including from some Democrats in conservative-leaning states.
The Alabama politician is known as one of the most staunchly conservative members of the Senate, and has already drawn opposition from at least two Democrats - New Jersey Sen Cory Booker and Ohio Sen Sherrod Brown.
In a dramatic turn, Mr Booker - one of three black senators - said he will testify against Mr Sessions on Wednesday, marking a rare instance in which a senator has testified against a colleague seeking a Cabinet post.
In a statement, Mr Booker accused Mr Sessions of having a "concerning" record on civil rights and criminal justice reform and called his decision "a call to conscience".
If confirmed, the four-term senator would succeed outgoing Attorney General Loretta Lynch and would be in a position to dramatically reshape Justice Department priorities in the areas of civil rights, environmental enforcement and criminal justice.
Mr Sessions was first elected to the Senate in 1996 and before that served as state attorney general and a United States attorney.
He has been a reliably conservative voice in Congress, supporting government surveillance programmes, objecting to the proposed closure of the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and opposing as too lenient a 2013 bi-partisan immigration bill that included a pathway to citizenship for the estimated 11 million immigrants living in the US illegally.
He will look to turn the page from a failed confirmation hearing in 1986, when his nomination for a federal judgeship was derailed by accusations he had made racially insensitive comments as a federal prosecutor.
Civil rights advocates have rallied against his nomination, with protesters staging a sit-in last week at a Sessions office in Alabama and circulating letters opposed to his nomination.
Advocacy groups have drawn attention to positions from Mr Sessions they fear could weaken legal protections for immigrants, minority voters and gays, lesbians and transgender people.
Mr Sessions's supporters have pointed to bi-partisan work in the Senate and to supportive statements from some Democrats and even the son of a civil rights activist whom Mr Sessions unsuccessfully prosecuted for voter fraud in Alabama.
One of the two senators introducing him at Tuesday's hearing is a moderate Republican, Susan Collins of Maine, suggesting a concerted effort to try to cement his appeal beyond the more conservative members.
Mr Sessions may be asked whether the Justice Department would investigate again Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while she was secretary of state.
President-elect Trump said during the campaign that he would ask his attorney general to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Ms Clinton, but suggested after he won that he had changed his mind.
Witnesses on Wednesday include former Attorney General Michael Mukasey, NAACP President Cornell Brooks and David Cole, the legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union.
AP
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